Cooperation in an Uncertain World: For the Maasai of East Africa, Need-Based Transfers Outperform Account-Keeping in Volatile Environments

Authored by C Athena Aktipis, Lee Cronk, Aguiar Rolando de, Anna Flaherty, Padmini Iyer, Dennis Sonkoi

Date Published: 2016

DOI: 10.1007/s10745-016-9823-z

Sponsors: United States National Science Foundation (NSF)

Platforms: NetLogo

Model Documentation: ODD

Model Code URLs: Model code not found

Abstract

Using an agent-based model to study risk-pooling in herder dyads using rules derived from Maasai osotua ({''}umbilical cord{''}) relationships, Aktipis et al. (2011) found that osotua transfers led to more risk-pooling and better herd survival than both no transfers and transfers that occurred at frequencies tied to those seen in the osotua simulations. Here we expand this approach by comparing osotua-style transfers to another type of livestock transfer among Maasai known as esile ({''}debt{''}). In osotua, one asks if in need, and one gives in response to such requests if doing so will not threaten one's own survival. In esile relationships, accounts are kept and debts must be repaid. We refer to these as ``need-based{''} and ``account-keeping{''} systems, respectively. Need-based transfers lead to more risk pooling and higher survival than account keeping. Need-based transfers also lead to greater wealth equality and are game theoretically dominant to account-keeping rules.

Tags

Evolution Reciprocity Risk Partner choice Humans Strategies Walk Biological markets